中考英语知识点总结(2)
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in time意思是“及时”，指在时间上有提前、刚好的意思，表示正赶上时候或恰在需要的时候，作表语时常与for sth.或to do sth. 连用。如： We’re just in time to catch the bus. on time意思是“按时、准时”，通常指有时间限制，以规定的时间为界，在规定时间内即为按时。 如：We should get to school on time. The train arrived on time. 3）貌似相同的beside与besides beside表示位置，意思是“在......的旁边”，与by，at同意。 如： There is a big tree beside the house. besides意思是“除了......以外，还......”与except，but同义。如： The girl is studying Japanese besides English. 6 but：但是，可是，而 He is old， but he looks very young. 他老了，但他看起来很年轻。 Li Li likes violin but doesn't like piano. 李莉喜欢小提琴，（但是）不喜欢钢琴。 （but 后面省略了主语Li Li，因为与前面的主语成分相同） Mary likes violin， but Tom doesn't. 玛丽喜欢小提琴，而汤姆不喜欢。 （doesn't后面省略了like violin，因为与前面的成分相同） He isn't a teacher but a doctor. 他不是（一个）老师，而是医生。 They came here not for money but for the life. 他们到这儿来，不是要钱，而是要命。 注意： but所连接的句子，句中如果某些成分与前面相同，则可以省略。 7 or：或，或者，否则 Is Li Ming from Beijing or from Shanghai. 李明是北京人还是上海人呢？ 1.基本用法 or表示“～或”的意思，使用于两者之中选择一个的时候。 Would you like coffee or tea？ 你喜欢咖啡还是茶？ Tom or I am right.我或者汤姆是对的。 Li Ming or his classmates are cleaning the room. 李明或者是他的同班同学在打扫房间。 注意： “A or B”作主语时，谓语动词随or后面的词（B）而定，因此例子中的谓语动词服从I，用am。 2.特别用法 句型：祈使句， or…=If you don't…， you'll… 同and一样，or在祈使句中的用法，译成“请…，否则…”，有转折的意思。 Hurry up，or you'll miss the bus. 快点吧，否则你就会误了公共汽车。 =If you don't hurry up，you'll miss the bus. 如果你不快点，你就会误了这班车。 Study hard，or you'll fail in the exam. 好好学吧，否则你考试就会不及格。 =If you don't study hard，you'll fail in the exam. 如果你不努力学习，你考试就会不及格。 注意： or疑问句的读法or前面的部分用升调，后面的部分用降调。 8 副词和动词 如果主要动词前有两个助动词，修饰整个句子的副词（特别是频度及肯定副词）要放在两个助动词之间，而修饰主要动词的副词（特别是方式副词）应放在这个动词的前面： a） Tigers have often been discovered in this area． You can never have seen such a beautiful place． He will probably be made President of the Company． He has surely been punished for his offence． He may，unfortunately，be killed by robbers． b） This decision will be publicly announced． I would have carefully done it，if it had been useful． He must have seriously considered this matter． 要使副词（短语）尽可能靠近它修饰的动词： We went to deserted village almost ten miles away from the capital yesterday．（不好） We went yesterday to…capital．（较好） Yesterday a guest who had come from a distant country called on me．（不好） A guest…me yesterday．（较好） Immediately，he told me to leave his house．（不好） He told me to leave his house immediately．（较好） 9 冠词应用考点 在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别： 1.有些个体名词“school，college，prison， hospital，bed”等词与动词或介词连用时，有无冠词表示不同含义 例：go to hospital去医院看病 go to the hospital去医院 (并不是去看病，而是有其他目的) in hospital (生病)住院 in the hospital 在医院里 at table进餐 at the table在桌子旁 by sea乘船 by the sea在海边 in front of 在…前面 in the front of 在…范围内的前部 2.两个形容词都有冠词，表示两个不同东西。 例：He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。 3.如后一个形容词无冠词，则指一物。 例：He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。 a teacher and writer一位教师兼作家(一个人) a teacher and a writer一位教师和一位作家(两个人) 10 辨析基数词序数词运用 对数词的考查不在单纯地停留在基数词或序数词的构成与用法上了，更多地将基数词与序数词同时用于一道题中，考查我们如何正确地判定句子中什么地方用基数词，什么地方用序数词。这就要求我们熟练地掌握对基数词与序数词的构成与用法。下面就2019年的考题来说明怎样做好这类考题。 【典型考例1】 （2019四川凉山州）There are（）people in Dale’s family. They live on the（）floor. A. five； nine B. fifth； nine C. five； ninth D. fifth； ninth 【析】正确答案：C。 句意：在戴尔家里有5口人，他们一家居住在九楼。第一句指的是名词的数量，故用基数词；而第二句“居住在九楼”，表示的是楼层的顺序，故用序数词。所以，本题的正确答案为C。 【典型考例2】 （2019湖北鄂州） Our country is nearly（）years old. We'll celebrate its（）birthday on October 1， 2019 around the country. A. seventy， seventy B. seventy， seventieth C. seventieth， seventy D. seventieth， seventieth 【析】正确答案：B。 句意：我们的国家快70周岁了。我们将在2019年10月1日在全国庆祝她的生日。第一句表示数量，在结合被修饰的名词为复数形式years可知，故70使用基数词seventy。第二句因为被修饰的名词birthday为单数形式，因此这里的70表示顺序，故用序数词seventieth。所以，本题的正确答案为B. 11 There be 句型的用法 与 1）基本结构： 肯定句式：be +done (及物动词的过去分词) 如果是不及物动词 + 相应的介词或副词 否定句式：be +not +done 疑问句式：be动词（情态动词）放句首 被动语态中的be为助动词，无意义。be可能是am ， is ， are也可能是was ，were或原形be。 注：被动语态的时态是由be的时态决定的，be是什么时态，全句就是什么时态，be后面的过去分词不变。 eg： 1.The song is liked by young people. (肯定句) 2.The song isn’t liked by young people.（否定句） 3. Is the song liked by young people ？（一般疑问句） 4.Who is the song liked by ？=By whom is the song liked？（特殊疑问句） 各种时态的构成（动词以do为例）： →一般现在时 动词的被动形式：am/is /are done 例句：He is asked to do this. →一般过去时 动词的被动形式：was/were done 例句：The story was told by her mother. →一般将来时 动词的被动形式：will /shall be done Is/are going to 例句：The problem will be discussed tomorrow. →过去将来时 动词的被动形式：should/would be done Was/were are going to 例句：He said the trees would be planted soon. →现在进行时 动词的被动形式：am/is/are being done 例句：The novel is being written. →过去进行时 动词的被动形式：was/were being done 例句：At that time the desk was being made. →现在完成时 动词的被动形式：has/have been done 例句：The house has been built. →过去完成时 动词的被动形式：had been done 例句：They said that their work had been finished. 含有情态动词的被动语态：情态动词+be+ done Your homework must be handed in today. 其它几种特殊句型： It is said that …….. It is well known that ……. It is reported that…… 例： History is made by the people. (一般现在时) The cars were made in Tianjin in 1995. (一般过去时) The tree will be cut down next year.(一般将来时) The room must be kept clean.（含有情态动词的被动语态） The door is being opened.（现在进行时） The film has been seen by me.（现在完成时） 注：不同时态的被动语态的差异主要体现在助动词be的变化上，同时助动词be还要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。 2）应用情况 行为的执行者不明确或不必说出来。 eg： A stranger was killed last night. 用于强调动作的承受者而不是执行者。 eg： The story is told everywhere in the city. 3）被动语态的用法 1. 一般现在时的被动语态构成：is / am / are + 及物动词的过去分词 Our classroom is cleaned everyday. 2. 一般过去时的被动语态构成：was / were + 及物动词的过去分词 A new shop was built last year. 3. 现在完成时的被动语态构成：has / have + been + 及物动词的过去分词 This book has been translated into many languages. 4. 一般将来时的被动语态构成：will+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Many more trees will be planted next year. 5. 含有情态动词的被动语态构成：情态动词+ be + 及物动词的过去分词 Young trees must be watered often. 6. 现在进行时的被动语态构成：am / is / are + being + 及物动词的过去分词 Uncle Wang is mending my bike now.→ My bike is being repaired by Tomnow. 7. 不定式的被动语态：to + be + 及物动词的过去分词 There are two books to be read. → There are twenty more trees tobe planted. 13 状语从句 (责任编辑：admin) |
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