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中考英语:实用英语写作技巧 转换词语


    第三十四单元 转换词语Transitional Words and Phrases
    34.1 Introduction
    In the writing of English compositions,we have to use transitional words or phrases in order to make logical connections between individual sentences and paragraphs as well as enhance the overall coherence of an essay.Otnerwise,the paragraph or the essaywill be loosely connected.To see the difference,let's compare the following two versions of a paragraph:
    (1)
    Speaking and writing are different in many ways.Speech depends on sounds.Writing uses written symbols.Speech developed about 500,000 years ago.Written language is a comparatively recent development.It was invented only about six thousand years ago.Speech is usually Informal.The word choice in writing is often relatively formal.Pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing.A standard diction and spelling system prevails in the writtenlanguage of most countries.Speech relies on gesture,loudness,and the rise and fall of the voice.Writing lacks gesture,loudness,and the rise and fall of the voice.Careful speakers and writers are aware of the difference.
    (2)
    Speaking and writing are different in many ways.Speech depends on sounds;writing,on the other hand,uses written symbols. Speech was developed about 500,000 years ago,but written language is a comparatively recent development,invented only about six thousand years ago.Speech is usually informal,while the word choice of writing,by contrast,is often relatively formal.Although pronunciation and accent are ignored in writing,a standard diction and spelling system prevails in the written language of most countries.Speech relies on gesture,loudness,and the rise and fall of the voice,but writing lacks these features.Careful speakers and writers are aware of the differences.
    34.2 Analysis of the above two versions
    In paragraph(1),almost all connections are missing.Therefore,it is rather difficult for us to tell in how many ways speaking and writing are different.In paragraph(2),however,by using the six comparsion and contrast transitions,“on the other hand”,“but”,“while”,“by contrast”and“although”,we can easily identify that speaking and writing are different in six aspects.
    34.3 常用的转换词语类型(Types of Commonly Used Transitional Words or Phrases)
    1)Listing列举
    first,second,third
    firstly,secondly,thirdly
    first,furthermore,finally
    in the first place,in the second place,finally
    last but not least
    first and most important
    to begin with,next,then,finally
    the former…the latter the first step,the second step,the
    next step
    2)Illustrating(giving examples)说明(举例)
    for example(f.e.) including
    for instance(i.d.) mainly
    namely such as
    3)Emphasizing强调
    obviously certainly
    undoubtedly especially
    surely above all
    indeed most important of all
    in fact most importantly
    very likely
    4)Paralleling并列
    or that is,that's to say not only…but(also)
    and in other words both…and as well as
    neither…nor either…or
    5)Adding补充
    also(too) gain furthermore
    further moreover what is more
    then in addition besides
    as well(as)
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