新一轮中考复习备考周期正式开始, 在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(Noun Clauses)。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。 一、引导名词性从句的连接词 引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:连词:that(无任何词意);whether,if(均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性);as if,as though(均表示“好像”,“似乎”)。 以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 连接代词:what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,which.Whichever,whomever 连接副词:when,where,how,why 不可省略的连词: 1.介词后的连词 2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won. 比较: Whether与if均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下,whether不能被if取代: 1.Whether引导主语从句并在句首; 2.引导表语从句 3.Whether从句作介词宾语; 4.从句后有"or not" Whether he will come is not clear. 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用it充当形式主语。 It is not important who will go. It is still unknown which team will win the match. 二、具体分类 1.主语从句 作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。例如: What he wants to tell us is not clear.他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。 Who will win the match is still unknown.谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 It is known to us how he became a writer.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced.英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。 【典例1】(2009·上海卷)It is immediately clear ____ the financial crisis will soon be over. A.since B.what C.when D.whether 【答案】D 【解析】考查主语从句的用法。该句的意思时:经济危机是否会很快结束是很明显的事情。“是否”用whether表示,不能选when是因为从句中由soon这一实践状语。 【典例2】(2008·山东卷)_____ was most important to her,she told me,was her family. A.It B.This C.What D.As 【答案】C 【解析】she told me是插入语,可删除。what引导主语从句,在从句中充当主语。 有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下: (1)It+be+名词+that从句 (2)It+be+形容词+that从句 (3)It+be+动词的过去分词+that从句 (4)It+不及物动词+that从句 另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”,常用的句型有: It is necessary(important,natural,strange,etc.)that… It is a pity(a shame,no wonder,etc.)that… It is suggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc.)that… 【典例】(2009·天津卷)It is obvious to the students ______ they should get well prepared for their future. A.as B.which C.whether D.that 【答案】D 【解析】考查名词性从句。本空格处应是一个主语从句的引导词,因该主语从句不缺成分,且句意完整,故应用不作任何成分的连词that。 2.宾语从句 名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 (1)由连接词that引导的宾语从句 由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如: He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow.他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 We must never think(that)we are good in everything while others are good in nothing.我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。 注意:在demand,order,suggest,decide,insist,desire,request,command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+动词原形”。例如: I insist that she(should)do her work alone.我坚持要她自己工作。 The commander ordered that troops(should)set off at once.司令员命令部队马上出发。 (2)用who,whom,which,whose,what,when,where,why,how,whoever,whatever,whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如: I want to know what he has told you.我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well.她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 She will give whoever needs help a warm support.凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。 【典例1】(2008·北京卷)The companies are working together to create _______ they hope will be the best means of transport in the 21st century. A.which B.that C.what D.who 【答案】C 【解析】create后为宾语从句,从句中they hope是插入语,可删除。因为从句中缺少主语,所以用what引导该从句。 【典例2】(2009·全国卷Ⅰ)Could I speak to is in charge of International Sales please? A.who B.what C.whoever D.whatever 【答案】C 【解析】考查名词性从句。题干中介词to后面为宾语从句,从句中缺少主语,因此填whoever。 (3)用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if: a.引导主语从句并在句首时;b.引导表语从句时;c.引导从句作介词宾语时;d.从句后有“or not”时;e.后接动词不定式时。例如: Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question.月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 The question is whether she should have a low opinion of the test? Everything depends on whether we have enough money.一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I wonder whether he will come or not.我想知道他来还是不来。 Can you tell me whether to go or to stay?你能否告诉我是去还是留? (4)注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用 不同时态。例如: he studies English every day.(从句用一般现在时) he studied English last term.(从句用一般过去时) I know(that)he will study English next year.(从句用一般将来时) he has studied English since 1998.(从句用现在完成时) 当主句动词是过去时态(could,would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如: The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. (5)think,believe,imagine,suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如: We don't think you are here.我们认为你不在这。 I don't believe he will do so.我相信他不会这样做。 3.表语从句 在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语+系动词+that从句。例如: The fact is that we have lost the game.事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 That's just what I want.这正是我想要的。 This is where our problem lies.这就是我们的问题所在。 That is why he didn't come to the meeting.那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 It looks as if it is going to rain.看上去天要下雨了。 需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如: The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning. 【点拨】whether可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 【典例1】(2009·山东卷)The little girl who got lost decided to remain ________she was and wait tor her mother. A.where B.what C.how D.who 【答案】A 【解析】remain是系动词,后加表语从句,由句意可知,从句缺地点状语,所以选A。 【典例2】(2008·天津卷)The last time we had grat fun was _______ we were visiting the Water Park. A.where B.how C.when D.why 【答案】C 【解析】was后为表语从句,此处when与the last time相呼应,根据句意可排除其他选项。 4.同位语从句 同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice,demand,doubt,fact,hope,idea,information,message,news,order,problem,promise,question,request,suggestion,truth,wish,word等。例如: The news that we won the game is exciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。 I have no idea when he will come back home.我不知道他什么时候回来。 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill.他想到可能玛丽生病了。 【典例】(2009·重庆卷)We should consider the students'request ________ the school library provide more books on popular science. A.that B.when C.which D.where 【答案】A 【解析】考查名词性从句。根据题意知,空格处是同位语从句的引导词,修饰中心名词request,且在句子中不充当成分,故用that。这句话的意思是我们应该考虑学生的这个要求,即学校图书馆应该多提供一些大众科学方面的书籍。 三、对比与用法 1.同位语从句和定语从句的区别: that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略;that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。 试比较下面两个例句: I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略) Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略) 2.that-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末。 用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系: a.It+be+形容词+that-从句 It is necessary that…有必要…… It is important that…重要的是…… It is obvious that…很明显…… b.It+be+-ed分词+that-从句 It is believed that…人们相信…… It is known to all that…从所周知…… It has been decided that…已决定…… c.It+be+名词+that-从句 It is common knowledge that………是常识 It is a surprise that…令人惊奇的是…… It is a fact that…事实是…… d.It+不及物动词+that-分句 It appears that…似乎…… It happens that…碰巧…… It occurred to me that…我突然想起…… It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。 It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。 3.否定转移 (1)将think,believe,suppose,expect,fancy,imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 I don't think I know you.我想我并不认识你。 I don't believe he will come.我相信他不回来。 注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 I hope you weren't ill.我想你没有生病吧。 (2)将seem,appear等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。 It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 (责任编辑:admin) |