一、 主动语态和被动语态的概念
1)He opened the door. 他开了门。
以上例句是一个主动句，主语是动作的执行者/发出者
2)The door was opened by him. 门被开了。
第二个例句是一个被动句，主语是动作的承受者
汉语中表示被动的词：被…/ 由…/ 受…/ 给…
英语中表被动用：be+过去分词构成
二、 被动语态的结构及用法
1)被动语态的几种句型
肯定句：主语+be+及物动词的过去分词+(by)
eg: My phone was made in China.
否定句：主语+be not+过去分词+(by)
eg: My phone wasn’t made in China.
一般疑问句：Be+主语+过去分词+(by)?
eg: Was your phone made in China?
特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be+主语+过去分词+(by)?
eg: Where was your phone made?
2)不同时态中的被动语态
3) 被动语态的用法
当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往不用by短语。The front window in the classroom was broken yesterday.
昨天，教室的前窗被打破了。(不知谁打破的)
They have been poorly paid.
他们的工资太低。(没必要指出工资是谁付的)
突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。
These books are written especially for children.
这些书是专门为孩子们写的。(强调的是“这些书”)
三、主动语态变被动语态
1)一般情况下主动语态变被动语态
主动句：He closed the door.
变被动句：The door was closed by him.
口诀：宾变主，主变宾，谓变be done, 时不变，数格必须随被变。
2)主动语态中若有双宾语
Vivian gave me a book. 双宾语(me是间宾， book是直宾)
-I was given a book by Vivian. 间接宾语提前
-A book was given to me by Vivian. 直接宾语提前时，要在间接宾语前加介词
动词make/buy/get用for; 动词give/send/lend/take用to
3) “感使动词” (feel, hear, listen to, let, have, make, see, watch, notice, look at)真奇怪，主动结构“to”走开，被动结构又请来，十个动词要记牢，不会被它再难倒。
We saw him play football on the playground.
我们看见他在操场上打篮球。
变被动：He was seen to play football on the playground.
他被我们看到在操场上打篮球。
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